Mu myaka ibiri ishize, iyi nkuru yumvikanye hose kuva Massachusetts kugeza Amakuru ya Fox.Umuturanyi wanjye yanze no kwishyuza Toyota RAV4 Prime Hybrid kubera icyo yise ibiciro by'ingufu zamugaye.Impamvu nyamukuru nuko ibiciro byamashanyarazi biri hejuru kuburyo bihanagura inyungu zo kwishyuza hejuru yumuriro.Ibi bigera kumutima wimpamvu abantu benshi bagura ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi: Nk’uko ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Pew kibitangaza, 70 ku ijana by’abaguzi ba EV bavuga ko "kuzigama gaze" ari imwe mu mpamvu zabo zikomeye.
Igisubizo ntabwo cyoroshye nkuko bigaragara.Kubara gusa igiciro cya lisansi n'amashanyarazi birayobya.Ibiciro biratandukanye bitewe na charger (na leta).Ibirego bya buri wese biratandukanye.Umusoro wumuhanda, gusubizwa hamwe na bateri neza byose bigira ingaruka kumibare yanyuma.Nabajije rero abashakashatsi bo muri Energy Innovation idafite aho ibogamiye, ikigo gitekereza politiki gikora mu rwego rwo kwangiza inganda z’ingufu, kugira ngo mumfashe kumenya igiciro nyacyo cyo kuvoma muri leta zose uko ari 50, nkoresheje imibare yatanzwe n’ibigo bya leta, AAA n’abandi.Urashobora kwiga byinshi kubikoresho byabo byingirakamaro hano.Nakoresheje aya makuru mfata ingendo ebyiri hypothettike muri Amerika yose kugirango ndebe niba sitasiyo ya lisansi izaba ihenze mu mpeshyi ya 2023.
Niba ufite 4 kuri 10 b'Abanyamerika, uratekereza kugura imodoka y'amashanyarazi.Niba umeze nkanjye, ugomba kwishyura ikiguzi kiremereye.
Impuzandengo y'amashanyarazi igurishwa $ 4,600 kurenza imodoka isanzwe ya gaze, ariko kuri konti nyinshi, nzabitsa amafaranga mugihe kirekire.Imodoka zisaba ibiciro bya lisansi no kubungabunga - byagereranijwe kuzigama amadorari amagana kumwaka.Kandi ibi ntibireba gahunda za leta no kwanga ingendo kuri lisansi.Ariko biragoye kumenya umubare nyawo.Impuzandengo ya litiro ya lisansi iroroshye kubara.Banki nkuru y’igihugu ivuga ko ibiciro byahinduwe n’ibiciro byahindutse bike kuva mu 2010.Ni nako bigenda kuri kilowatt-amasaha (kilowat) y'amashanyarazi.Ariko, ibiciro byo kwishyuza ntibigaragara neza.
Amashanyarazi yishyurwa ntabwo atandukanye na leta gusa, ariko nigihe cyumunsi ndetse no hanze.Abafite ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi barashobora kubishyuza murugo cyangwa kukazi, hanyuma bakishyura amafaranga yinyongera kubwishyu bwihuse mumuhanda.Ibi bituma bigora kugereranya ikiguzi cyo kuzuza Ford F-150 ikoreshwa na gaze (imodoka yagurishijwe cyane muri Amerika kuva mu myaka ya za 1980) hamwe na batiri ya kilowatt 98 mu modoka ifite amashanyarazi.Ibi bisaba ibitekerezo bisanzwe bijyanye na geografiya, imyitwarire yo kwishyuza, nuburyo ingufu muri bateri na tank ihinduka murwego.Ibarura nkiryo rero rigomba gukoreshwa mubyiciro bitandukanye byimodoka nkimodoka, SUV namakamyo.
Ntibitangaje kubona ntamuntu numwe ubikora.Ariko dukoresha umwanya wawe.Ibisubizo byerekana umubare ushobora kuzigama kandi, mubihe bidasanzwe, uko udashobora.Ingaruka ni izihe?Muri leta zose uko ari 50, bihendutse kubanyamerika gukoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki buri munsi, kandi mu turere tumwe na tumwe, nka Pasifika y'Amajyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba, aho ibiciro by’amashanyarazi biri hasi kandi ibiciro bya gaze bikaba byinshi, bihendutse cyane.Muri leta ya Washington, aho litiro ya gaze igura amadolari 4.98, kuzuza F-150 hamwe n'ibirometero 483 igura amadorari 115.Ugereranije, kwishyuza amashanyarazi F-150 Umurabyo (cyangwa Rivian R1T) intera imwe igura amadorari 34, kuzigama $ 80.Ibi bivuze ko abashoferi bishyuza murugo 80% yigihe, nkuko byagereranijwe nishami rishinzwe ingufu, kimwe nibindi bitekerezo byuburyo bukurikira iyi ngingo.
Tuvuge iki ku bindi bikabije?Mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba, aho ibiciro bya gaze n’amashanyarazi biri hasi, kuzigama ni bito ariko biracyafite akamaro.Urugero, muri Mississippi, ikiguzi cya gaze ku gikamyo gisanzwe kiri hejuru ya $ 30 ugereranije n’ikamyo itwara amashanyarazi.Kuri SUV ntoya, ikora neza na sedan, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi birashobora kuzigama amadolari 20 kugeza kuri $ 25 kuri pompe kumurongo umwe.
Impuzandengo y'Abanyamerika itwara ibirometero 14,000 ku mwaka kandi irashobora kuzigama amadorari 700 ku mwaka igura amashanyarazi ya SUV cyangwa sedan, cyangwa $ 1.000 ku mwaka igura ikamyo, nk'uko Energy Innovation ibitangaza.Ariko gutwara buri munsi nikintu kimwe.Kugirango ngerageze iyi moderi, nakoze iri suzuma mugihe cyingendo ebyiri zimpeshyi muri Amerika.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwa charger ushobora gusanga mumuhanda.Amashanyarazi yo murwego rwa 2 arashobora kongera intera nka 30 mph.Ibiciro kubucuruzi bwinshi, nk'amahoteri n'amaduka y'ibiribwa byizeye gukurura abakiriya, biva ku mafaranga 20 kuri kilowatt-isaha ku buntu (Energy Innovation yerekana amafaranga arenga 10 gusa kuri kilowatt-isaha mubigereranyo bikurikira).
Amashanyarazi yihuta azwi nkurwego rwa 3, yihuta hafi inshuro 20, arashobora kwishyuza bateri ya EV kugeza kuri 80% muminota 20 gusa.Ariko mubisanzwe igura amafaranga ari hagati ya 30 na 48 kumasaha ya kilowatt-igiciro naje kuvumbura nyuma gihwanye nigiciro cya lisansi ahantu hamwe.
Kugirango ngerageze uko ibyo byagenze neza, nagiye muri hypothettike ya kilometero 408 kuva San Francisco kugera Disneyland muri South Los Angeles.Kuri uru rugendo, nahisemo F-150 nuburyo bwamashanyarazi, Umurabyo, biri murukurikirane ruzwi cyane rwagurishije ibice 653.957 umwaka ushize.Hariho impaka zikomeye z’ikirere zirwanya gukora amashanyarazi y’imodoka zitangaza Amerika, ariko iyi mibare igamije kwerekana ibyo Abanyamerika bakunda.
Uwatsinze, nyampinga?Nta modoka zifite amashanyarazi.Kubera ko gukoresha charger yihuta bihenze, mubisanzwe inshuro eshatu cyangwa enye zihenze kuruta kwishyuza murugo, kuzigama ni bike.Nageze muri parike mu Murabyo mfite amadorari 14 mu mufuka kuruta ayo nari mfite mu modoka ya gaze.Niba narahisemo kumara igihe kinini muri hoteri cyangwa muri resitora nkoresheje charger yo mu rwego rwa 2, nari kuzigama $ 57.Iyi myumvire ifatika no ku binyabiziga bito: Tesla Model Y yambukiranya amadolari 18 na $ 44 mu rugendo rw'ibirometero 408 ikoresheje charger yo mu rwego rwa 3 na 2, ugereranije no kuzuza gaze.
Ku bijyanye n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi biri imbere cyane.Ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi bisohora munsi ya kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibyuka bihumanya kuri kilometero yimodoka ya lisansi kandi bigenda bisukurwa buri mwaka.Ikigo gishinzwe amashanyarazi muri Amerika kivuga ko amashanyarazi yo muri Amerika avanga asohora hafi ikiro kimwe cya karubone kuri buri kilowatt-isaha y’amashanyarazi yakozwe.Kugeza 2035, White House irashaka kwegera iyi mibare hafi ya zeru.Ibi bivuze ko F-150 isanzwe isohora imyuka ya parike inshuro eshanu kuruta inkuba.Tesla Model Y isohora ibiro 63 bya gaze ya parike mugihe utwaye, ugereranije nibiro 300 kumodoka zose zisanzwe.
Ariko, ikizamini nyacyo ni urugendo rwo kuva Detroit kugera Miami.Gutwara imodoka uva mu burengerazuba bwo hagati uva mu mujyi wa Motor ntabwo ari inzozi z'amashanyarazi.Aka karere gafite igipimo gito cyo gutunga ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi muri Amerika.Nta mashanyarazi menshi.Ibiciro bya lisansi biri hasi.Amashanyarazi ni umwanda.Kugira ngo ibintu birusheho kutaringaniza, nahisemo kugereranya Toyota Camry na Chevrolet Bolt y'amashanyarazi, imodoka zombi zikora neza zuzuza icyuho cyibiciro bya lisansi.Kugirango ngaragaze imiterere ya buri gihugu, napimye ibirometero 1.401 muri leta zose uko ari esheshatu, hamwe n’ibiciro by’amashanyarazi n’ibisohoka.
Iyaba nari nujuje murugo cyangwa kuri sitasiyo ya lisansi yubucuruzi yo mucyiciro cya 2 ihendutse munzira (ntibishoboka), Bolt EV yaba ihendutse kuzuza: $ 41 na $ 142 kuri Camry.Ariko byihuse kwishyuza inama umunzani kuruhande rwa Camry.Ukoresheje charger yo mu rwego rwa 3, fagitire y'amashanyarazi yo kugurisha urugendo rukoreshwa na bateri ni $ 169, ni ukuvuga $ 27 arenze urugendo rukoreshwa na gaze.Nyamara, iyo bigeze ku byuka bihumanya ikirere, Bolt iri imbere, hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya bingana na 20% by’icyiciro.
Ndabaza impamvu abarwanya ubukungu bwikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi bagera kumyanzuro itandukanye?Kugira ngo nkore ibi, naje kuvugana na Patrick Anderson, uruganda rukora ubujyanama rukorera muri Michigan rukorana buri mwaka n’inganda z’imodoka kugira ngo ngereranye ibiciro by’imashanyarazi.Bikomeje kuvumburwa ko ibinyabiziga byinshi byamashanyarazi bihenze kubitoro.
Anderson yambwiye ko abahanga mu bukungu benshi birengagiza ibiciro bigomba gushyirwa mu kubara ikiguzi cyo kwishyuza: umusoro wa Leta ku binyabiziga by’amashanyarazi bisimbuza umusoro wa gaze, ikiguzi cy’amashanyarazi yo mu rugo, igihombo cyohereza iyo wishyuye (hafi 10 ku ijana), na rimwe na rimwe ikiguzi kirenze.sitasiyo rusange rusange iri kure.Ku bwe, ibiciro ni bike, ariko ni ukuri.Hamwe na hamwe bagize uruhare mu iterambere ryimodoka ya lisansi.
Agereranya ko bisaba amafaranga make kuzuza imodoka ya lisansi igiciro cyo hagati - hafi 11 $ kuri kilometero 100, ugereranije n'amadorari 13 kugeza 16 $ ku modoka igereranya.Ibidasanzwe ni imodoka nziza, kuko usanga zidakora neza kandi zigatwika amavuta ya premium.Anderson yagize ati: "Imodoka z'amashanyarazi zirumvikana cyane ku baguzi bo mu rwego rwo hagati."Ati: “Aha niho tubona ibicuruzwa byinshi, kandi ntibitangaje.”
Ariko abanenga bavuga ko igereranya rya Anderson risuzugura cyangwa ryirengagiza ibitekerezo by'ingenzi: Isesengura ry’isosiyete ye rirerekana imikorere ya batiri, byerekana ko abafite ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi bakoresha sitasiyo zihenze za Leta hafi 40% (Minisiteri y’ingufu ivuga ko igihombo ari 20%).sitasiyo yubusa rusange muburyo bwa "imisoro yumutungo, amafaranga yishuri, ibiciro byabaguzi, cyangwa imitwaro kubashoramari" no kwirengagiza ibikorwa bya leta ninganda.
Anderson yashubije ko atigeze yishyura 40% ya leta, ariko yerekanye ibintu bibiri byishyurwa, akeka ko "cyane cyane mu gihugu" n "" ubucuruzi cyane "(bikubiyemo amafaranga y’ubucuruzi mu manza 75%).Yaburaniye kandi ibiciro by’amafaranga y’ubucuruzi y’ubucuruzi ahabwa amakomine, za kaminuza n’ubucuruzi kuko “izi serivisi mu by'ukuri atari ubuntu, ariko zigomba kwishyurwa n’umukoresha mu buryo runaka, tutitaye ko zishyirwa mu misoro y’umutungo, amafaranga y'ishuri amafaranga cyangwa ntabwo.ibiciro by'umuguzi ”cyangwa umutwaro ku bashoramari.“
Ubwanyuma, ntidushobora na rimwe kumvikana kubiciro byo kongerera lisansi amashanyarazi.Birashoboka ko ntacyo bitwaye.Ku bashoferi ba buri munsi muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, gutwika ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bimaze kuba bihendutse mubihe byinshi, kandi biteganijwe ko bizaba bihendutse kuko ingufu zingufu zishobora kwaguka kandi imodoka zikagenda neza.,Nkuyu mwaka, ibiciro byurutonde rwibinyabiziga bimwe byamashanyarazi biteganijwe ko biri munsi yimodoka ya lisansi igereranijwe, kandi ikigereranyo cyikiguzi cyose cya nyirubwite (kubungabunga, lisansi nibindi biciro mubuzima bwikinyabiziga) byerekana ko ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bimaze kuba bihendutse.
Nyuma yibyo, numvaga hari undi mubare wabuze: ikiguzi cyimibereho ya karubone.Iyi ni igereranyo cyerekana ibyangiritse byatewe no kongera indi toni ya karubone mu kirere, harimo impfu z’ubushyuhe, imyuzure, inkongi y'umuriro, kunanirwa kw'ibihingwa ndetse n'ibindi bihombo bifitanye isano n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi.
Abashakashatsi bavuga ko buri litiro ya gaze isanzwe isohora ibiro 20 bya dioxyde de carbone mu kirere, bihwanye n'amafaranga 50 yangiza ikirere kuri gallon.Urebye ibintu byo hanze nko guhagarara kw'imodoka, impanuka no guhumanya ikirere, Umutungo w'ejo hazaza wagereranije mu 2007 ko ibiciro byangiritse byari hafi $ 3 kuri gallon.
Birumvikana ko utagomba kwishyura aya mafaranga.Imashanyarazi yonyine ntabwo izakemura iki kibazo.Kugirango tubigereho, dukeneye imigi myinshi nabaturage aho ushobora gusura inshuti cyangwa kugura ibiribwa udafite imodoka.Ariko ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nibyingenzi kugirango ubushyuhe butazamuka munsi ya dogere selisiyusi 2.Ubundi ni igiciro udashobora kwirengagiza.
Ibiciro bya lisansi kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi na lisansi byabazwe mubyiciro bitatu byimodoka: imodoka, SUV namakamyo.Ibinyabiziga byose ni moderi 2023.Dukurikije imibare y’ubuyobozi bukuru bw’imihanda ya 2019, impuzandengo y'ibirometero bitwarwa nabashoferi ku mwaka bivugwa ko ari kilometero 14.263.Ku binyabiziga byose, intera, ibirometero, hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya byakuwe ku rubuga rwa Fueleconomy.gov Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije.Ibiciro bya gaze bisanzwe bishingiye ku makuru yo muri Nyakanga 2023 yo muri AAA.Ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi, impuzandengo ya kilowatt-amasaha asabwa kugirango yishyurwe yose ibarwa ukurikije ubunini bwa bateri.Ahantu ho kwishyiriraho hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bw’ishami ry’ingufu bwerekana ko 80% yishyurwa bibera murugo.Guhera mu 2022, ibiciro by'amashanyarazi yo guturamo bitangwa n'ikigo gishinzwe amakuru muri Amerika gishinzwe ingufu.20% isigaye yishyurwa iboneka kuri sitasiyo zishyuza rusange, kandi igiciro cyamashanyarazi gishingiye kubiciro byamashanyarazi byatangajwe na Electrify America muri buri ntara.
Iyi mibare ntabwo ikubiyemo ibitekerezo byose bijyanye nigiciro cyose cya nyirubwite, inguzanyo yimisoro ya EV, amafaranga yo kwiyandikisha, cyangwa amafaranga yo gukora no kuyitaho.Ntabwo kandi duteganya ibiciro byose bijyanye na EV, kugabanura ibiciro bya EV cyangwa kwishyurwa kubuntu, cyangwa ibiciro bishingiye kubihe bya EV.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-04-2024